DESCRIPTION

This man page focuses on the setting up of a CoAP server endpoint. For a CoAP client endpoint, see coap_endpoint_client(3).

The CoAP stack’s global state is stored in a coap_context_t Context object. Resources, Endpoints and Sessions are associated with this context object. There can be more than one coap_context_t object per application, it is up to the application to manage each one accordingly.

A CoAP Session maintains the state of an ongoing connection between a Client and Server which is stored in a coap_session_t Session object. A CoAP session is tracked by local port, CoAP protocol, remote IP address and remote port.

The Session network traffic can be encrypted or un-encrypted if there is an underlying TLS library.

If TLS is going to be used for encrypting the network traffic, then the TLS information for Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) or Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) needs to be configured before any network traffic starts to flow. For Servers, this has to be done before the Endpoint is created, for Clients, this is done during the Client Session set up.

For Servers, all the encryption information is held internally by the TLS Context level and the CoAP Context level as the Server is listening for new incoming traffic based on the Endpoint definition. The TLS and CoAP session will not get built until the new traffic starts, which is done by the libcoap library.

In principle the set-up sequence for CoAP Servers looks like

coap_new_context()
coap_context_set_pki_root_cas() - if the root CAs need to be updated and PKI
coap_context_set_pki() and/or coap_context_set_psk2() - if encryption is required
coap_new_endpoint()

Multiple endpoints can be set up per Context, each listening for a new traffic flow with different TCP/UDP protocols, TLS protocols, port numbers etc. When a new traffic flow is started, then the CoAP library will create and start a new server session.

The coap_context_set_pki() function, for a specific context, is used to configure the TLS context using the setup_data variables as defined in the coap_dtls_pki_t structure - see coap_encryption(3).

The coap_context_set_pki_root_cas() function is used to define a set of root CAs to be used instead of the default set of root CAs provided as a part of the TLS library. ca_file points to a PEM encoded file containing the list of CAs. ca_file can be NULL. _ca_dir points to a directory containing a set of PEM encoded files containing rootCAs. ca_dir can be NULL. One or both of ca_file and ca_dir must be set. NOTE: Some TLS libraries send the full list of CAs added by this function during the (D)TLS session setup handshakes. To stop this, either provide a single CA using the ca_file definition in pki_key in setup_data variable when calling coap_context_set_pki(), or set check_common_ca to 0 in _setup_data variable. See coap_encryption(3).

The coap_context_set_psk2() function is used to configure the TLS context using the setup_data variables as defined in the coap_dtls_spsk_t structure - see coap_encryption(3). This function can only be used for servers as setup_data provides a hint, not an identity.

The coap_new_endpoint() function creates a new endpoint for context that is listening for new traffic on the IP address and port number defined by listen_addr. If the port number is 0, then the default CoAP port is used. Different CoAP protocols can be defined for proto - the current supported list is:

COAP_PROTO_UDP
COAP_PROTO_DTLS
COAP_PROTO_TCP
COAP_PROTO_TLS

coap_tcp_is_supported(), coap_dtls_is_supported() and coap_tls_is_supported() can be used for checking whether the underlying TCP or (D)TLS protocol support is available. See coap_tls_library(3) for further information.

When traffic starts to come in from a client, a server CoAP Session is created associated with this endpoint. This CoAP Session is created with a reference count of 0. This means that if the server session is not used for 5 minutes, then it will get completely freed off. See coap_session_reference(3) and coap_session_release(3) for further information.

The coap_free_endpoint() function must be used to free off the endpoint. It clears out all the sessions associated with this endpoint.

The coap_endpoint_set_default_mtu() function is used to set the MTU size (the maximum message size) of the data in a packet, excluding any IP or TCP/UDP overhead to mtu for the endpoint. A sensible default is 1280.

The coap_join_mcast_group_intf() function is used to join the currently defined endpoints that are UDP, associated with context, to the defined multicast group groupname. If ifname is not NULL, then the multicast group is associated with this interface, otherwise the underlying O/S will choose the first appropriate interface. When the endpoint is freed off, the associated multicast group will be removed. The registered multicast addresses for CoAP are 224.0.1.187, ff0x::fd (Variable-Scope) - i.e. ff02::fd (Link-Local) and ff05::fd (Site-Local).

The coap_mcast_per_resource() function enables mcast to be controlled on a per resource basis giving the server application flexibility in how to respond to mcast requests. With this enabled, this is done through additional flag definitions when setting up each resource.

RETURN VALUES

coap_context_set_pki(), coap_context_set_pki_root_cas() and coap_context_set_psk2() functions return 1 on success, 0 on failure.

coap_new_endpoint() function returns a newly created endpoint or NULL if there is a creation failure.

coap_join_mcast_group_intf() returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.

EXAMPLES

CoAP Server Non-Encrypted Setup

#include <coap3/coap.h>

static coap_context_t *
setup_server_context (void) {
  coap_endpoint_t *endpoint;
  coap_address_t listen_addr;
  coap_context_t *context = coap_new_context(NULL);

  if (!context)
    return NULL;
  /* See coap_block(3) */
  coap_context_set_block_mode(context,
                              COAP_BLOCK_USE_LIBCOAP | COAP_BLOCK_SINGLE_BODY);


  coap_address_init(&listen_addr);
  listen_addr.addr.sa.sa_family = AF_INET;
  listen_addr.addr.sin.sin_port = htons (5683);

  endpoint = coap_new_endpoint(context, &listen_addr, COAP_PROTO_UDP);
  if (!endpoint) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Initialize resources - See coap_resource(3) init_resources() example */

  return context;
}

CoAP Server DTLS PKI Setup

#include <coap3/coap.h>

typedef struct valid_cns_t {
  size_t count;
  char **cn_list;
} valid_cns_t;

/*
 * Common Name (CN) Callback verifier
 */
static int
verify_cn_callback(const char *cn,
                   const uint8_t *asn1_public_cert,
                   size_t asn1_length,
                   coap_session_t *c_session,
                   unsigned depth,
                   int validated,
                   void *arg
) {
  valid_cns_t *valid_cn_list = (valid_cns_t*)arg;
  size_t i;
  /* Remove (void) definition if variable is used */
  (void)asn1_public_cert;
  (void)asn1_length;
  (void)c_session;
  (void)depth;
  (void)validated;

  /* Check that the CN is valid */
  for (i = 0; i < valid_cn_list->count; i++) {
    if (!strcasecmp(cn, valid_cn_list->cn_list[i])) {
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

typedef struct sni_def_t {
  char* sni;
  coap_dtls_key_t key;
} sni_def_t;

typedef struct valid_snis_t {
  size_t count;
  sni_def_t *sni_list;
} valid_snis_t;

/*
 * Subject Name Identifier (SNI) callback verifier
 */
static coap_dtls_key_t *
verify_pki_sni_callback(const char *sni,
                        void *arg
) {
  valid_snis_t *valid_sni_list = (valid_snis_t *)arg;
  size_t i;

  /* Check that the SNI is valid */
  for (i = 0; i < valid_sni_list->count; i++) {
    if (!strcasecmp(sni, valid_sni_list->sni_list[i].sni)) {
      return &valid_sni_list->sni_list[i].key;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Set up PKI encryption information
 */
static coap_context_t *
setup_server_context_pki (const char *public_cert_file,
                          const char *private_key_file,
                          const char *ca_file,
                          valid_cns_t *valid_cn_list,
                          valid_snis_t *valid_sni_list
) {
  coap_endpoint_t *endpoint;
  coap_address_t listen_addr;
  coap_dtls_pki_t dtls_pki;
  coap_context_t *context;

  /* See coap_tls_library(3) */
  if (!coap_dtls_is_supported())
    return NULL;

  context = coap_new_context(NULL);
  if (!context)
    return NULL;
  /* See coap_block(3) */
  coap_context_set_block_mode(context,
                              COAP_BLOCK_USE_LIBCOAP | COAP_BLOCK_SINGLE_BODY);


  memset (&dtls_pki, 0, sizeof (dtls_pki));

  /* see coap_encryption(3) */
  dtls_pki.version                 = COAP_DTLS_PKI_SETUP_VERSION;
  dtls_pki.verify_peer_cert        = 1;
  dtls_pki.check_common_ca         = 1;
  dtls_pki.allow_self_signed       = 1;
  dtls_pki.allow_expired_certs     = 1;
  dtls_pki.cert_chain_validation   = 1;
  dtls_pki.cert_chain_verify_depth = 1;
  dtls_pki.check_cert_revocation   = 1;
  dtls_pki.allow_no_crl            = 1;
  dtls_pki.allow_expired_crl       = 1;
  dtls_pki.allow_bad_md_hash       = 0;
  dtls_pki.allow_short_rsa_length  = 0;
  dtls_pki.is_rpk_not_cert         = 0; /* Set to 1 if RPK */
  dtls_pki.validate_cn_call_back   = verify_cn_callback;
  dtls_pki.cn_call_back_arg        = valid_cn_list;
  dtls_pki.validate_sni_call_back  = verify_pki_sni_callback;
  dtls_pki.sni_call_back_arg       = valid_sni_list;
  dtls_pki.additional_tls_setup_call_back = NULL;
  dtls_pki.client_sni              = NULL;
  dtls_pki.pki_key.key_type        = COAP_PKI_KEY_PEM;
  dtls_pki.pki_key.key.pem.ca_file = ca_file;
  dtls_pki.pki_key.key.pem.public_cert = public_cert_file;
  dtls_pki.pki_key.key.pem.private_key = private_key_file;

  if (coap_context_set_pki(context, &dtls_pki)) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }

  coap_address_init(&listen_addr);
  listen_addr.addr.sa.sa_family = AF_INET;
  listen_addr.addr.sin.sin_port = htons (5684);

  endpoint = coap_new_endpoint(context, &listen_addr, COAP_PROTO_DTLS);
  if (!endpoint) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Initialize resources - See coap_resource(3) init_resources() example */

  return context;
}

CoAP Server DTLS PSK Setup

#include <coap3/coap.h>

typedef struct id_def_t {
  char* id;
  coap_bin_const_t key;
} id_def_t;

typedef struct valid_ids_t {
  int count;
  id_def_t *id_list;
} valid_ids_t;

/*
 * PSK Identity Pre-Shared Key selection Callback function
 */
static const coap_bin_const_t *
verify_id_callback(coap_bin_const_t *identity,
                   coap_session_t *c_session,
                   void *arg
) {
  valid_ids_t *valid_id_list = (valid_ids_t*)arg;
  int i;
  /* Remove (void) definition if variable is used */
  (void)c_session;

  /* Check that the Identity is valid */
  for (i = 0; i < valid_id_list->count; i++) {
    if (!strcasecmp((const char*)identity->s, valid_id_list->id_list[i].id)) {
      return &valid_id_list->id_list[i].key;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

typedef struct sni_psk_def_t {
  char* sni;
  coap_dtls_spsk_info_t psk_info;
} sni_psk_def_t;

typedef struct valid_psk_snis_t {
  int count;
  sni_psk_def_t *sni_list;
} valid_psk_snis_t;

/*
 * PSK Subject Name Identifier (SNI) callback verifier
 */
static const coap_dtls_spsk_info_t *
verify_psk_sni_callback(const char *sni,
                        coap_session_t *c_session,
                        void *arg
) {
  valid_psk_snis_t *valid_sni_list = (valid_psk_snis_t *)arg;
  int i;
  /* Remove (void) definition if variable is used */
  (void)c_session;

  /* Check that the SNI is valid */
  for (i = 0; i < valid_sni_list->count; i++) {
    if (!strcasecmp(sni, valid_sni_list->sni_list[i].sni)) {
      return &valid_sni_list->sni_list[i].psk_info;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

static coap_context_t *
setup_server_context_psk (const char *hint,
                          const uint8_t *key,
                          unsigned int key_len,
                          valid_ids_t *valid_id_list,
                          valid_psk_snis_t *valid_sni_list
) {
  coap_endpoint_t *endpoint;
  coap_address_t listen_addr;
  coap_context_t *context;
  coap_dtls_spsk_t dtls_psk;

  /* See coap_tls_library(3) */
  if (!coap_dtls_is_supported())
    return NULL;

  context = coap_new_context(NULL);
  if (!context)
    return NULL;
  /* See coap_block(3) */
  coap_context_set_block_mode(context,
                              COAP_BLOCK_USE_LIBCOAP | COAP_BLOCK_SINGLE_BODY);


  memset (&dtls_psk, 0, sizeof (dtls_psk));

  /* see coap_encryption(3) */
  dtls_psk.version                 = COAP_DTLS_SPSK_SETUP_VERSION;
  dtls_psk.validate_id_call_back   = verify_id_callback;
  dtls_psk.id_call_back_arg        = valid_id_list;
  dtls_psk.validate_sni_call_back  = verify_psk_sni_callback;
  dtls_psk.sni_call_back_arg       = valid_sni_list;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.hint.s         = (const uint8_t*)hint;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.hint.length    = hint ? strlen(hint) : 0;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.key.s          = key;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.key.length     = key_len;

  if (coap_context_set_psk2(context, &dtls_psk)) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }

  coap_address_init(&listen_addr);
  listen_addr.addr.sa.sa_family = AF_INET;
  listen_addr.addr.sin.sin_port = htons (5684);

  endpoint = coap_new_endpoint(context, &listen_addr, COAP_PROTO_DTLS);
  if (!endpoint) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Initialize resources - See coap_resource(3) init_resources() example */

  return context;
}

CoAP Client DTLS PSK Setup

#include <coap3/coap.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#ifndef min
#define min(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#endif

static const coap_dtls_cpsk_info_t *
verify_ih_callback(coap_str_const_t *hint,
                   coap_session_t *c_session,
                   void *arg
) {
  coap_dtls_cpsk_info_t *psk_info = (coap_dtls_cpsk_info_t *)arg;
  char lhint[COAP_DTLS_HINT_LENGTH];
  /* Remove (void) definition if variable is used */
  (void)c_session;

  snprintf(lhint, sizeof(lhint), "%.*s", (int)hint->length, hint->s);
  coap_log(LOG_INFO, "Identity Hint '%s' provided\n", lhint);

  /* Just use the defined information for now as passed in by arg */
  return psk_info;
}

static coap_dtls_cpsk_t dtls_psk;
static char client_sni[256];

static coap_session_t *
setup_client_session_psk (const char *uri,
                          struct in_addr ip_address,
                          const uint8_t *identity,
                          unsigned int identity_len,
                          const uint8_t *key,
                          unsigned int key_len
) {
  coap_session_t *session;
  coap_address_t server;
  coap_context_t *context = coap_new_context(NULL);

  if (!context)
    return NULL;
  /* See coap_block(3) */
  coap_context_set_block_mode(context,
                              COAP_BLOCK_USE_LIBCOAP | COAP_BLOCK_SINGLE_BODY);


  coap_address_init(&server);
  server.addr.sa.sa_family = AF_INET;
  server.addr.sin.sin_addr = ip_address;
  server.addr.sin.sin_port = htons (5684);

  /* See coap_encryption(3) */
  memset (&dtls_psk, 0, sizeof(dtls_psk));
  dtls_psk.version = COAP_DTLS_CPSK_SETUP_VERSION;
  dtls_psk.validate_ih_call_back = verify_ih_callback;
  dtls_psk.ih_call_back_arg = &dtls_psk.psk_info;
  if (uri)
    memcpy(client_sni, uri, min(strlen(uri), sizeof(client_sni)-1));
  else
    memcpy(client_sni, "localhost", 9);
  dtls_psk.client_sni = client_sni;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.identity.s = identity;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.identity.length = identity_len;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.key.s = key;
  dtls_psk.psk_info.key.length = key_len;
  session = coap_new_client_session_psk2(context, NULL, &server,
                                        COAP_PROTO_DTLS, &dtls_psk);
  if (!session) {
    coap_free_context(context);
    return NULL;
  }
  /* The context is in session->context */
  return session;
}

SEE ALSO

coap_block(3), coap_context(3), coap_encryption(3), coap_endpoint_client(3), coap_resource(3), coap_session(3) and coap_tls_library(3)

FURTHER INFORMATION

See "RFC7252: The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)" for further information.

BUGS

Please report bugs on the mailing list for libcoap: libcoap-developers@lists.sourceforge.net or raise an issue on GitHub at https://github.com/obgm/libcoap/issues

AUTHORS

The libcoap project <libcoap-developers@lists.sourceforge.net>